Spanish Grammar Review Before Going to El Salvador
Spanish 2 Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar
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21. To Come & to Go (Vos present conjugation and preterite, imperfect and futurity tenses not recorded)
| venir - to come | ||||
| present: come(s) | preterite: came | imperfect: came | future: volition come | |
| (yo) | vengo | vine | venía | vendré |
| (tú / vos) | vienes / venís | viniste | venías | vendrás |
| (él / ella / usted) | viene | vino | venía | vendrá |
| (we / nosotras) | venimos | vinimos | veníamos | vendremos |
| (vosotros / vosotras ) | venís | vinisteis | veníais | vendréis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | vienen | vinieron | venían | vendrán |
| ir - to go | ||||
| present: go(es) | preterite: went | imperfect: went | hereafter: volition go | |
| (yo) | voy | fui | iba | iré |
| (tú / vos) | vas | fuiste | ibas | irás |
| (él / ella / usted) | va | fue | iba | irá |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | vamos | fuimos | íbamos | iremos |
| (vosotros / vosotras ) | vais | fuisteis | ibais | iréis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | van | fueron | iban | irán |
The vos conjugation for venir (venís) is dissimilar from the tú conjugation (vienes) and identical to the vosotros form in the present tense, but the tú and vos conjugations are identical for ir (vas). Notice that the preterite of ir is the same as the preterite of ser. Context will bespeak whether the meaning is was/were or went.
You can too apply ir to limited to be going to + an infinitive. You lot just need to insert a between the conjugation of ir and the infinitive.
Voy a estudiar más. I'm going to study more.
Vamos a empezar de nuevo. Nosotros're going to start again.
22. To / In and From
| to | a |
|---|---|
| from | de |
| in | en |
Call up to utilize the prepositional contractions (a + el = al and de + el = del) when a noun with an article follows the preposition.
Vengo de los Estados Unidos. I come from the United states of america.
23. Countries & Nationalities
| Africa | el Africa | Indonesia | Indonesia |
| African | africano/a | Indonesian | indonesio/a |
| Albania | Albania | Ireland | la Irlanda |
| Albanian | albano/a | Irishman | irlandés/esa |
| America | la América | Israel | Israel |
| American | americano/a | Israeli | israelí |
| Argentine republic | la Argentina | Hebrew | hebreo/a |
| Argentine | argentino/a | Italy | Italy |
| Asia | el Asia (f) | Italian | italiano/a |
| Asian | asiático/a | Nihon | Japón |
| Australia | Australia | Japanese | japonés/esa |
| Australian | australiano/a | Latvia | Letonia |
| Austria | el Austria (f) | Latvian | letón/ona |
| Austrian | austríaco/a | Lithuania | Lituania |
| Belgium | la Bélgica | Lithuanian | lituano/a |
| Belgian | belga | Luxembourg | Luxemburgo |
| Bolivia | la Bolivia | Luxembourger | luxemburgués/esa |
| Bolivian | boliviano(a) | Macedonia | Macedonia |
| Bosnia | la Bosnia | Macedonian | macedonio/a |
| Bosnian | bosnio/a | Malta | Malta |
| Brazil | el Brasil | Maltese | maltés/esa |
| Brazilian | brasileño/a | Mexico | México |
| Bulgaria | la Bulgaria | Mexican | mexicano/a |
| Bulgarian | búlgaro/a | Netherlands | los Países Bajos |
| Canada | Canadá | Dutch | holandés/esa |
| Canadian | canadiense | New Zealand | Nueva Zelanda |
| China | China | New Zealander | neozelandés/esa |
| Chinese | chino/a | Nicaragua | Nicaragua |
| Republic of chile | la Chile | Nicaraguan | nicaragüense |
| Chilean | chileno/a | Kingdom of norway | Noruega |
| Colombia | Republic of colombia | Norwegian | noruego/a |
| Colombian | colombiano/a | Panama | Panama |
| Republic of costa rica | la Costa rica | Panamanian | panameño/a |
| Costa Rican | costarricense | Paraguay | Paraguay |
| Republic of croatia | la Croacia | Paraguayan | paraguayo/a |
| Croatian | croata | Peru | Perú |
| Cuba | la Cuba | Peruvian | peruano/a |
| Cuban | cubano/a | Poland | la Polonia |
| Czech republic | la República Checa | Polish | polaco/a |
| Czech | checo/a | Portugal | Portugal |
| Denmark | Dinamarca | Portuguese | portugués/esa |
| Danish | danés/esa | Romania | Rumania |
| Dominican Commonwealth | República Dominicana | Romanian | rumano/a |
| Dominican | dominicano/a | Russia | Rusia |
| Republic of ecuador | Ecuador | Russian | ruso/a |
| Ecuadorian | ecuatoriano/a | Scotland | la Escocia |
| Egypt | Egipto | Scottish | escocés/esa |
| Egyptian | egipcio/a | Serbia | Serbia |
| El Salvador | Republic of el salvador | Serbian | serbio/a |
| Salvadorean | salvadoreño | Slovakia | la República Eslovaca |
| England | la Inglaterra | Slovak | eslovaco/a |
| English | inglés/esa | Slovenia | Eslovenia |
| Estonia | Estonia | Slovene | esloveno/a |
| Estonian | estonio/a | S Africa | Sudáfrica |
| Europe | la Europa | South African | sudafricano/a |
| European | europeo/a | Kingdom of spain | España |
| Finland | Finlandia | Spanish | español/a |
| Finnish | finlandés/esa | Sweden | Suecia |
| French republic | Francia | Swedish | sueco/a |
| French | francés/esa | Switzerland | la Suiza |
| Germany | Alemania | Swiss | suizo/a |
| German | alemán/ana | Turkey | la Turquía |
| Dandy Britain | la Gran Bretaña | Turk | turco/a |
| British | británico/a | Ukraine | Ucrania |
| Greece | Grecia | Ukrainian | ucraniano/a |
| Greek | griego/a | United Kingdom | Reino Unido |
| Republic of guatemala | Guatemala | Us | Estados Unidos |
| Guatemalan | guatemalteco/a | Uruguay | Uruguay |
| Republic of honduras | Honduras | Uruguayan | uruguayo/a |
| Honduran | hondureño/a | Venezuela | Venezuela |
| Hungary | Hungría | Venezuelan | venezolano/a |
| Hungarian | húngaro/a | Wales | el país de Gales |
| Republic of iceland | Islandia | Welsh | galés/esa |
| Icelandic | islandés/esa | ||
| Bharat | Republic of india | ||
| Indian | indio/a |
24. Work & School
| accountant | el contador | musician | el músico |
| player / actress | el actor / la actriz | nurse | el enfermero |
| architect | el arquitecto | official / civil servant | el funcionario |
| author | el autor | optician | el óptico |
| baker | el panadero | painter | el pintor |
| broker | el banquero | pharmacist (chemist) | el químico |
| barber | el barbero | pharmacist | el farmacéutico |
| bookseller | el librero | photographer | el fotógrafo |
| businessman | el comerciante | pilot | el piloto |
| butcher | el carnicero | plumber | el fontanero |
| carpenter | el carpintero | policeman | el agente de policía |
| figurer programmer | el programador | postman | el cartero |
| cook | el cocinero | priest | el cura |
| customer | el cliente | professor | el profesor |
| dentist | el dentista | publisher | el editor |
| dr. | el médico / el medico | salesman | el vendedor |
| electrician | el electricista | scientist | el científico |
| employee | el empleado | secretary | la secretaria |
| engineer | el ingeniero | retainer | el criado |
| firefighter | el bombero | shoemaker | el zapatero |
| fisherman | el pescador | vocaliser | el cantante |
| gardener | el jardinero | soldier | el soldado |
| grocer | el dependiente | student | el estudiante |
| pilus stylist | el peluquero | surgeon | el cirujano |
| jeweler | el joyero | tailor | el sastre |
| journalist | el periodista | teacher | el profesor |
| estimate | el juez | instructor (grade school) | el maestro |
| lawyer | el abogado | typist | el mecanógrafo |
| librarian | el bibliotecario | waiter / server | el camarero |
| mason | el albañil | watchmaker | el relojero |
| mechanic | el mecánico | worker (bluish-neckband) | el obrero |
| model | el modelo | author | el escritor |
| bookkeeping | la contabilidad | constabulary | el derecho |
| algebra | el álgebra | linguistics | la lingüística |
| architecture | la arquitectura | literature | la literatura |
| art | el arte | mathematics | la matématica |
| astronomy | la astronomía | medicine | la medicina |
| biological science | la biología | modern languages | las lenguas modernas |
| botany | la botánica | music | la música |
| business | el comercio | natural science | las ciencias naturales |
| chemical science | la química | painting | la pintura |
| computing (Information technology) | la informática | philosophy | la filosofía |
| cartoon | el dibujo | physical education | la educación física |
| earth science | la ciencia terrestre | physical science | las ciencias físicas |
| economic science | la economía | physics | la física |
| engineering | la ingeniería | political science | las ciencias políticas |
| English | el inglés | Portuguese | el portugués |
| French | el francés | psychology | la psicología |
| geography | la geografía | religious education | la enseñanza religiosa |
| geometry | la geometría | scientific discipline | la ciencia |
| German | el alemán | folklore | la sociología |
| Greek | el griego | Spanish | el español |
| history | la historia | engineering science | la tecnología |
| Italian | el italiano | zoology | la zoología |
| Latin | el latín |
25. To Know People & Facts
(Vos present conjugation and preterite, imperfect and time to come tenses not recorded withal)
| conocer - to know people | ||||
| present: know(due south) | preterite: knew | imperfect: knew | future: will know | |
| (yo) | conozco | conocí | conocía | conoceré |
| (tú / vos) | conoces / conocés | conociste | conocías | conocerás |
| (él / ella / usted) | conoce | conoció | conocía | conocerá |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | conocemos | conocimos | conocíamos | conoceremos |
| (vosotros / vosotras) | conocéis | conocisteis | conocíais | conoceréis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | conocen | conocieron | conocían | conocerán |
| saber - to know facts | ||||
| present: know(due south) | preterite: knew | imperfect: knew | future: will know | |
| (yo) | sé | supe | sabía | sabré |
| (tú / vos) | sabes / sabés | supiste | sabías | sabrás |
| (él / ella / usted) | sabe | supo | sabía | sabrá |
| (nosotros) | sabemos | supimos | sabíamos | sabremos |
| (vosotros) | sabéis | supisteis | sabíais | sabréis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | saben | supieron | sabían | sabrán |
26. Mutual Words
| a lot | mucho | e'er | siempre |
| very much | muchísimo | everyday | todos los días |
| a little | poco | now | ahora |
| very little | muy poco | unremarkably | usualmente |
| sometimes | a veces | there | ahí |
| well | bien | over there | allí |
| after | después | as well bad | demasiado malo |
| poorly | mal |
27. Conjugating Regular Verbs: Present tense
Verbs in Castilian finish in -ar, -er or -ir. Before a verb is conjugated, it is called the infinitive. Removing the last two messages gives you the stem of the verb (cantar is the infinitive to sing, while deceit- is the stem.) To conjugate regular verbs in the nowadays tense, add together these endings to the stems:
| -ar | -er | -ir | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (yo) | -o | -o | -o |
| (tú / vos) | -as / -ás | -es / -és | -es / -és |
| (él / ella / usted) | -a | -due east | -e |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | -amos | -emos | -imos |
| (vosotros / vosotras) | -áis | -éis | -ís |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | -an | -en | -en |
Remember that verbs practise not require the subject pronouns, so just canto ways I sing. Hither are some more regular verbs:
| -ar verbs | -er verbs | -ir verbs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bailar | to dance | aprender | to learn | vivir | to live |
| desear | to want | comer | to swallow | escribir | to write |
| escuchar | to listen | correr | to run | compartir | to share |
| estudiar | to study | leer | to read | recibir | to receive |
| hablar | to speak | vender | to sell | subir | to go/come upwardly |
| practicar | to practice | beber | to drink | ||
| tomar | to take / beverage | comprender | to sympathize | ||
| viajar | to travel | ||||
Conjugations of regular verbs: (not recorded withal)
| hablar | aprender | vivir | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (yo) | hablo | aprendo | vivo |
| (tú / vos) | hablas / hablás | aprendes / aprendés | vives / vivés |
| (él / ella / usted) | habla | aprende | vive |
| (we / nosotras) | hablamos | aprendemos | vivimos |
| (vosotros / vosotras) | habláis | aprendéis | vivís |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | hablan | aprenden | viven |
To make sentences negative, simply put no in front end of the verb.
No hablo bien el español. I don't speak Castilian well.
To betoken that something just happened, yous can utilise acabar de + an infinitive. Acabar (to stop) is a regular verb.
Acaba de comer. He but ate.
28. Vowel changes in nowadays tense
Some verbs have vowel changes in the present tense for all forms except first and 2nd person plural. Afterward dropping the endings (-ar, -er, or -ir), the e of the terminal syllable changes to ie, and o of the last syllable changes to ue. Some -ir verbs change e of the last syllable to i, while verbs ending in -uir change the i to y for all forms except first and second plural. Note that these irregularities do Non apply to vos conjugations.
| e to ie | o to ue | due east to i | ui to uy |
|---|---|---|---|
| pensar - to think querer - to desire, similar, beloved cerrar - to close comenzar - to begin despertar - to awaken empezar - to begin entender - to understand perder - to lose preferir - to adopt sentar - to seat sentir - to regret, feel | contar - to count poder - to be able costar - to cost dormir - to sleep encontrar - to find, meet jugar - to play morir - to dice mostrar - to prove volar - to fly volver - to return | pedir - to inquire (for) repetir - to repeat seguir - to follow, go on servir - to serve vestir - to wearing apparel | construir - to build |
(Vos present conjugation and preterite, imperfect and future tenses non recorded notwithstanding)
| pensar | contar | pedir | construir | |
| (yo) | pienso | cuento | pido | construyo |
| (tú / vos) | piensas / pensás | cuentas / cuentás | pides / pedís | construyes / construís |
| (él / ella / usted) | piensa | cuenta | pide | construye |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | pensamos | contamos | pedimos | construimos |
| (vosotros / vosotras) | pensáis | contáis | pedís | construís |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | piensan | cuentan | piden | construyen |
A few other verbs are irregular but in the first person singular form. The residue of the forms tend to follow the regular pattern:
| traer | to acquit | traigo | I carry |
| salir | to go out | salgo | I go out |
| hacer | to do | hago | I practice |
| saber | to know | sé | I know |
| dar | to give | doy | I give |
| ver | to see | veo | I see |
| tener | to accept | tengo | I have |
| poner | to put | pongo | I put |
| decir | to say | digo | I say |
| valer | to be worth | valgo | I am worth |
| caer | to fall | caigo | I autumn |
| conocer | to know | conozco | I know |
| deducir | to deduce | deduzco | I deduce |
| caber | to fit | quepo | I fit |
More often than not, verbs that terminate in -cer and -cir add together z before the first person singular ending.
We have already seen verbs that are irregular in all conjugations in the nowadays tense, such every bit ir and ser. Another irregular verb is haber - to have or the impersonal in that location is/are; however, it is different from tener (which also means to have) because it is not used to testify possession. It is only used in chemical compound tenses equally a helping verb, i.e. I accept seen that movie, which volition be covered in Spanish Iii.
The three completely irregular verbs in the present tense are: (not recorded still)
| ser - to be | ir - to become | haber - to take | |
| (yo) | soy | voy | he |
| (tú / vos) | eres / sos | vas | has |
| (él / ella / usted) | es | va | ha |
| (we / nosotras) | somos | vamos | hemos |
| (vosotros / vosotras) | sois | vais | habéis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | son | van | han |
An impersonal conjugation of haber, hay, is used to hateful in that location is/are in English.
29. Reflexive Verbs
The field of study and the object are the aforementioned with reflexive verbs - the subject acts upon itself. A reflexive verb in Spanish will exist marked with se attached to the end of the infinitive. These verbs are conjugated similar regular verbs, except the reflexive pronoun agrees with gender and number and precedes the verb when information technology is conjugated. Reciprocal verbs are conjugated the same as reflexive except the action passes from i person to some other. Reflexive verbs sometimes use the "-self" forms in English, while the reciprocal verbs use "each other."
| acordarse - to remember | dormirse - to fall asleep |
| acostarse - to go to bed | irse - to go away/get out |
| atreverse - to dare | levantarse - to get/stand up |
| bañarse - to take a bathroom | sentarse - to sit down |
| casarse - to get married | quedarse - to stay/remain |
| despertarse - to wake up | quejarse - to complain |
| desvestirse - to get undressed | vestirse - to go dressed |
The reflexive pronouns are me, te, se, nos, os and se and they are placed earlier the conjugated verb:
| (yo) | me acuerdo | I call back |
| (tú / vos) | te acuerdas / te acordás | you remember |
| (él / ella / usted) | se acuerda | he/she/you remember |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | nos acordamos | we remember |
| (vosotros / vosotras) | bone acordáis | you lot remember |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | se acuerdan | they/yous remember |
However, when the reflexive verb is in the infinitive and used with another verb, the reflexive pronoun must still agree with the subject area of the conjugated verb. It is either attached to the end of the reflexive verb or placed before the conjugated verb:
Vamos a casarnos. / Nos vamos a casar. We're going to get married.
Tengo que irme. / Me tengo que ir. I have to go.
Puede quedarse contigo? / Se puede quedar contigo? Tin he stay with you lot?
The verb contarse is used colloquially to enquire how'south it going (with you)? ¿Qué te cuentas ?
thirty. Personal a
When the directly object of a verb (except tener) is a person, it is preceded by a. It isn't used if a number precedes the object. The pronouns alguien (somebody), alguno (someone), nadie (nobody), and ninguno (no one) require a too, when used every bit the direct object.
Veo a Juan. I see John.
Conozco a tu amiga. I know your friend.
Veo a alguien. I see somebody.
31. Preterite Tense
The preterite tense expresses an action in the by and is also called the unproblematic past in English. It is used to describe events that have completely finished and are not still happening or that practice non indicate repeated actions. It is formed by adding the post-obit endings to the verb stem. For the vos conjugation, an -s may or may non be added to the end of the tú conjugation.
| -ar | -er / -ir | |
|---|---|---|
| (yo) | -é | -í |
| (tú / vos) | -aste | -iste |
| (él / ella / usted) | -ó | -ió |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | -amos | -imos |
| (vosotros / vosotras) | -asteis | -isteis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | -aron | -ieron |
Conjugations of regular verbs in the preterite:
| hablar | aprender | vivir | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (yo) | hablé | aprendí | viví |
| (tú / vos) | hablaste | aprendiste | viviste |
| (él / ella / usted) | habló | aprendió | vivió |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | hablamos | aprendimos | vivimos |
| (vosotros / vosotras) | hablasteis | aprendisteis | vivisteis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | hablaron | aprendieron | vivieron |
Notice that the nosotros forms of -ar and -ir verbs are the aforementioned in the nowadays and preterite tenses.
Viví en España dos años. I lived in Spain for two years.
Ellos hablaron con los niños. They spoke with the children.
Quién comió la fruta? Who ate the fruit?
32. Irregular Preterite Tense
A few verbs are irregular in the preterite tense. Depending on which variety is used, the vos conjugation may or may non add -s to the tú conjugations listed below.
| caber - to fit cupe cupiste cupo cupimos cupisteis cupieron | caer - to fall caí caíste cayó caímos caísteis cayeron | conducir - to drive conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujisteis condujeron |
| dar - to give di diste dio dimos disteis dieron | decir - to say / tell dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijisteis dijeron | estar - to exist estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron |
| haber - to have hube hubiste hubo hubimos hubisteis hubieron | hacer - to do / make hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicisteis hicieron | ir - to go / ser - to be fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron |
| oír - to hear oí oíste oyó oímos oísteis oyeron | poder - to exist able to / can pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudisteis pudieron | poner - to put / place puse pusiste puso pusimos pusisteis pusieron |
| querer - to want quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisisteis quisieron | saber - to know facts supe supiste supo supimos supisteis supieron | tener - to have tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron |
| traer - to comport traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajisteis trajeron | venir - to come up vine viniste wine vinimos vinisteis vinieron | ver - to see vi viste vio vimos visteis vieron |
Ir and ser take the same forms in the preterite tense. Context will make the significant clear.
33. Imperfect Tense
The imperfect is another past tense that is used to express an action as going on in the past, every bit repeated or habitual, or to translate the English "used to + infinitive." Information technology is also used with mental and physical weather and for descriptions. The imperfect tends to exist used more often than the preterite with these verbs:querer, creer, poder, esperar, tener, and saber.
The imperfect is formed by calculation these endings to the infinitive stem:
| -ar | -er / -ir | |
|---|---|---|
| (yo) | -aba | -ía |
| (tú / vos) | -abas | -ías |
| (él / ella / usted) | -aba | -ía |
| (we / nosotras) | -ábamos | -íamos |
| (vosotros / vosotras) | -abais | -íais |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | -aban | -ían |
Regular imperfect tense conjugations:
| estar - to be | tener - to have | decir - to say / tell | |
| (yo) | estaba | tenía | decía |
| (tú / vos) | estabas | tenías | decías |
| (él / ella / usted) | estaba | tenía | decía |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | estábamos | teníamos | decíamos |
| (vosotros / vosotras) | estabais | teníais | decíais |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | estaban | tenían | decían |
Yo vivía en España. I used to live in Spain.
Luisa estaba triste. Louise was sorry.
El vendía radios. He was selling radios.
Only a few verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense:
| ser - to be | ir - to go | ver - to see | |
| (yo) | era | iba | veía |
| (tú / vos) | eras | ibas | veías |
| (él / ella / usted) | era | iba | veía |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | éramos | íbamos | veíamos |
| (vosotros / vosotras) | erais | ibais | veíais |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | eran | iban | veían |
You lot can use ir in the imperfect tense to express "was/were going to + infinitive" like to its employ in the present tense:
Iba a decir "no." I was going to say "no."
34. Food and Meals
| salary | el tocino | salad | la ensalada |
| beefiness | la carne de vaca | salami | el salchichón |
| beer | la cerveza | salt | la sal |
| beverage | la bebida | sandwich | el bocadillo |
| biscuit | el bizcocho | sauce | la salsa |
| bread | el pan | sausage | la salchicha |
| breakfast | el desayuno | soft drink | el refresco gaseoso |
| butter | la mantequilla | soup | la sopa |
| block | la torta | sour foam | la crema agria |
| candy | los dulces | steak | el bistec |
| cheese | el queso | stew | el guisado |
| chicken | el pollo | sugar | el azúcar |
| chocolate | el chocolate | supper | la cena |
| chop | la chuleta | tea (iced) | el té (helado) |
| java | el café | toast | las tostadas |
| cookie | la galleta | turkey | el pavo |
| cottage cheese | el requesón | veal | la ternera |
| cotton processed | el algodón de azúcar | vegetable | la legumbre |
| cream | la crema | vinegar | el vinagre |
| custard | las natillas | water | el agua |
| dessert | el postre | whipped cream | la nata montada |
| dinner | la comida | wine | el vino |
| duck | el pato | yogurt | el yogur |
| egg | el huevo | pocketbook | la bolsa |
| fat | la grasa | bowl | el tázon |
| flour | la harina | bottle | la botella |
| fried eggs | los huevos fritos | box | la caja |
| goose | el ganso | tin | la lata |
| ham | el jamón | can opener | abrelatas |
| hamburger | la hamburguesa | carton | el tetrabrik |
| dearest | la miel | chopsticks | los palillos |
| hot dog | el perro caliente | coffee pot | la cafetera |
| ice | el hielo | colander | el colador |
| ice cream | el helado | corkscrew | el sacacorchos |
| jam | la jalea | cup | la taza |
| juice | el jugo / el zumo | dish | el plato |
| lamb | el cordero | fork | el tenedor |
| lobster | la langosta | frying pan | la sartén |
| lollipop | el chupete | glass | el vaso |
| lunch | el almuerzo | jar | el tarro |
| repast | la comida | jug | la jarra |
| meat | la carne | kettle | la caldera |
| milk | la leche | pocketknife | el cuchillo |
| shake | la malteada | hat | la tapa |
| mustard | la mostaza | napkin | la servilleta |
| mutton | la carne de carnero | plate | el plato |
| oil | el aceite | saucer | el platillo |
| omelet | la tortilla | saucepan | la cacerola / el cazo |
| pepper | la pimienta | spoon | la cuchara |
| pie | el pastel | spray can | el spray |
| pork | el cerdo | table | la mesa |
| rice | el arroz | tablecloth | el mantel |
| roast | el asado | teapot | la tetera |
| curlicue | el panecillo | tube | el tubo |
El zumo is used in Espana to refer to fruit juice, while el jugo only refers to juice from meat. In Latin America, el jugo refers to fruit juice.
35. Gustar
Gustar plus a substantive means to like something. Literally, it means "to please" and takes an indirect object, so the construction of the sentence will be different than that of English. The verb will virtually likely but be conjugated in the tertiary person singular or plural because information technology is agreeing with the noun or infinitive that follows information technology.*
| Me gusta(northward) | I like | Nos gusta(north) | we like |
| Te gusta(n) | you like | Os gusta(northward) | you lot like |
| Le gusta(north) | he / she / you similar(south) | Les gusta(n) | they / you like |
Gusta is used with singular nouns or an infinitive, while gustan is used with plural nouns. It is as well possible to add a + pronoun to emphasize the subject, but this is not necessary. These pronouns are the same equally the suject pronouns except a mí and a ti.
Me gustan las flores. I like the flowers. (Literally: To me are pleasing the flowers or the flowers are pleasing to me.)
A nosotros nos gusta la casa. We similar the firm.
No me gusta. I don't similar it.
Le gusta a Ud.? Do you like it?
A ellos les gustan los caballos. They like the horses.
As a regular -ar verb, conjugating gustar in the preterite tense is easy:
Me gustaron las flores. I liked the flowers.
No me gustó. I didn't like it.
* It is possible to conjugate gustar with a first or second person pronoun/substantive, such as in the Manu Chao song Me gustas tú which means I similar you (you are pleasing to me) and could also be written as tú me gustas.
36. Fruits & Vegetables
| almond | la almendra | barley | la cebada |
| apple | la manzana | beans | los frijoles / las judías |
| apricot | el albaricoque | beet | la remolacha |
| avocado | el aguacate | broccoli | el brócoli |
| banana | el plátano / el cambur | cabbage | la col |
| berry | la baya | carrot | la zanahoria |
| blackberry | la zarzamora | cauliflower | la coliflor |
| blueberry | el arándano | celery | el apio |
| cherry | la cereza | chives | la cebollana |
| anecdote | la castaña | corn | el maíz |
| coconut | el coco | cucumber | el pepino |
| currant | la grosella | eggplant | la berenjena |
| date | el dátil | garlic | el ajo |
| fig | el higo | dark-green bean | la habichuela |
| fruit | la fruta | herbs | le hierba |
| grapefruit | el pomelo | horse-radish | el rabano picante |
| grapes | la uva | leek | el puerro |
| hazelnut | la avellana | lentil | la lenteja |
| kiwi | el kiwi | lettuce | la lechuga |
| lemon | el limón | mint | la menta |
| lime | la lima | mushroom | el hongo / la seta |
| lychee | el lichi | oats | la avena |
| mango | el mango | onion | la cebolla |
| melon | el melón | parsley | el perejil |
| olive | la aceituna | pea | el guisante |
| orange | la naranja | pepper | el pimiento |
| papaya | la papaya | potato | la papa / la patata |
| peach | el melocotón | pumpkin | la calabaza |
| pear | la pera | radish | el rábano |
| pineapple | la piña | rhubarb | el ruibarbo |
| plum | la ciruela | rice | el arroz |
| clip | la ciruela pasa | rye | el centeno |
| raisin | la uva pasa | sage | la salvia |
| raspberry | la frambuesa | seed | la semilla |
| starfruit | la carambola | spinach | la espinaca |
| strawberry | la fresa | sweet potato | el camote / la batata |
| walnut | la nuez | tomato plant | el tomate |
| watermelon | la sandía | turnip | el nabo |
| artichoke | la alcachofa | wheat | el trigo |
| asparagus | el espárrago | zucchini | el calabacín |
Los frijoles, la papa, and el hongo are used in Latin America, whereas las judías, la patata, and la seta are used in Spain. El champiñón is also used everywhere for a circular, white mushroom. La callampa is but used in Chile for mushroom.
El cambur is used in Venezuela, where el plátano means plantain instead of assistant.
El camote is generally used in United mexican states and the Andes.
37. To Take or Drink (Vos present conjugation and preterite, imperfect and futurity tenses not recorded yet)
| tomar - to accept / drink | ||||
| present: take(s) | preterite: took | imperfect: took | future: volition take | |
| (yo) | tomo | tomé | tomaba | tomaré |
| (tú / vos) | tomas / tomás | tomaste | tomabas | tomarás |
| (él / ella / usted) | toma | tomó | tomaba | tomará |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | tomamos | tomamos | tomábamos | tomaremos |
| (vosotros / vosotras) | tomáis | tomasteis | tomabais | tomaréis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) | toman | tomaron | tomaban | tomarán |
When tomar means to drink, it usually refers to booze. In United mexican states, tomar can be intransitive, as beber is almost never used. In Spain, tomar is always transitive, such as tomar una copa - to take a drink and tomar united nations café - to have a coffee.
38. Commands / Imperative
To form commands, drop the final -s on the present tense conjugation for the tú form, driblet the final -south and emphasis the vowel for the vos form, and change the final -r of the infinitive to -d for the vosotros form. The other imperative conjugations (for Usted, Ustedes, and nosotros) use the present subjunctive forms. (More most the Subjunctive at #seventy.) Utilize the we grade to mean Let's + infinitive. Negative commands use no + the present subjunctive conjugations for all forms, except vos may either be identical to the tú course or add an emphasis to the vowel. The only forms that differ betwixt affirmative and negative commands are tú, vos and vosotros. Verbs that end in -automobile, -gar and -zar take the post-obit changes also: c becomes qu, k becomes gu, and z becomes c.
| Affirmative | Negative (Don't...) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ar | -er or -ir | -ar | -er or -ir | |
| tú | -a | -e | -es | -as |
| vos | -á | -é / -í | -es (or -és) | -every bit (or -ás) |
| usted | -east | -a | -e | -a |
| nosotros / nosotras | -emos | -amos | -emos | -amos |
| vosotros / vosotras | -ad | -ed / -id | -éis | -áis |
| ustedes | -en | -an | -en | -an |
¡Habla! = Speak! (tú course)
¡Comed! = Consume! (vosotros form)
¡No comáis! = Don't swallow! (negative vosotros form)
¡Beba! = Drink! (Usted form)
¡Coman! = Consume (Ustedes form)
¡No beban! = Don't drink! (negative Ustedes form)
Irregular Imperative (not recorded withal)
Some verbs accept irregular tú forms while the other forms use a unlike stem from the regular verb stalk when forming the imperative. These stems are besides found in the subjunctive mood, which will exist covered later. Negative imperatives only differ from the affirmative for tú, vos and vosotros forms. (Note that the nosotros forms are really translated as let's / allow'due south not + verb in English language since the implied discipline is we instead of y'all.)
| dar | decir | estar | haber | hacer | |
| give / don't requite | say / don't say | be / don't be | have / don't have | do / don't do | |
| tú | da / no des | di / no digas | está / no estés | hé / no hayas | haz / no hagas |
| vos | dá / no des | decí / no digas | está / no estés | habé / no hayas | hacé / no hagas |
| usted | dé / no dé | diga / no diga | esté / no esté | haya / no haya | haga / no haga |
| nosotros | demos / no demos | digamos / no digamos | estemos / no estemos | hayamos / no hayamos | hagamos / no hagamos |
| vosotros | dad / no deis | decid / no digáis | estad / no estéis | habed / no hayáis | haced / no hagáis |
| ustedes | den / no den | digan / no digan | estén / no estén | hayan / no hayan | hagan / no hagan |
| ir | poder | poner | querer | saber | |
| become / don't get | may you / may you non | put / don't put | want / don't want | know / don't know | |
| tú | ve / no vayas | puede / no puedas | pon / no pongas | quiere / no quieras | sabe / no sepas |
| vos | andá / no vayas | podé / no puedas | poné / no pongas | queré / no quieras | sabé / no sepas |
| usted | vaya / no vaya | pueda / no pueda | ponga / no ponga | quiera / no quiera | sepa / no sepa |
| we | vamos / no vayamos | podamos / no podamos | pongamos / no pongamos | queramos / no queramos | sepamos / no sepamos |
| vosotros | id / no vayáis | poded / no podáis | poned / no pongáis | quered / no queráis | sabed / no sepáis |
| ustedes | vayan / no vayan | puedan / no puedan | pongan / no pongan | quieran / no quieran | sepan / no sepan |
| salir | ser | tener | traer | venir | |
| leave / don't go out | exist / don't be | accept / don't have | carry / don't comport | come / don't come | |
| tú | sal / no salgas | sé / no seas | x / no tengas | trae / no traigas | ven / no vengas |
| vos | salí / no salgas | sé / no seas | tené / no tengas | traé / no traigas | vení / no vengas |
| usted | salga / no salga | ocean / no sea | tenga / no tenga | traiga / no traiga | venga / no venga |
| nosotros | salgamos / no salgamos | seamos / no seamos | tengamos / no tengamos | traigamos / no traigamos | vengamos / no vengamos |
| vosotros | salid / no salgáis | sed / no seáis | tened / no tengáis | traed / no traigáis | venid / no vengáis |
| ustedes | salgan / no salgan | sean / no sean | tengan / no tengan | traigan / no traigan | vengan / no vengan |
39. More Negatives
To brand sentences negative, identify no before the verb. Other negatives may precede or follow the verb, but if they follow, they must follow a negative verb (a double negative). The word lodge is either no + verb + negative or negative + verb. Nunca means e'er when it follows a comparative; jamás means ever when information technology follows an affirmative verb. Ya no + verb means the same matter as no + verb + más (no more, no longer).
| más | no more, no longer |
| nada | nothing, (not) anything |
| nadie | nobody, (non) anybody |
| ninguno (a) | no, none |
| tampoco | neither, either |
| ni | nor |
| ni...ni | neither... nor |
| ni siquiera | not fifty-fifty |
| nunca, jamás | never, always |
No bailas nunca. = Nunca bailas. Yous never trip the light fantastic.
No juego más. = Ya no juego. I no longer play.
Spanish National Anthem: Marcha Existent
At that place are no words to the Spanish national anthem; it is completely instrumental.
Mexican National Canticle: Mexicanos, al Grito de Guerra
by Francisco González Bocanegra
| Mexicanos, al grito de guerra Ciña ¡oh patria! tus sienes de oliva ¡Guerra, guerra sin tregua al que intente Antes, patria, que inermes tus hijos ¡Patria! ¡patria! Tus hijos te juran Mexicanos, al grito de guerra | Mexicans, at the cry of battle Your forehead shall exist girded, oh fatherland, with olive garlands State of war, war without truce against who would attempt Fatherland, before your children become unarmed Fatherland, fatherland, your children swear Mexicans, at the cry of boxing |
Source: https://ielanguages.com/spanish2.html
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